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【初中英语】 形容词和副词(语法详解)
阅读量:1209 2025.05.07 作者: 嘻哈哈
一、形容词和副词的用法。
1.形容词:
(1)修饰名词和代词。如:a good girl。
(2)放在be、半系动词之后。如:
She is old. 她老了。
The music sounds nice.
这首音乐听起来好听。
2. 副词:修饰动词、形容词和副词。如:
know much 知道的多
badly/seriously/terribly ill病的严重
二.形容词和副词的比较等级构成规则。
1)一般在其后加er, est构成比较级和最高。如:
hard, harder, hardest。
2)以辅音字母加y结尾的双音节词,先把y变成i加er, est。如:
healthy, healthier, healthiest
funny, funnier, funniest
easy, easier, easiest
busy, busier, busiest
happy, happier, happiest
3)以重读闭音节结尾的,先双写最后一个辅音字母,再加er, est。如:
big, bigger, biggest
fat, fatter, fattest
red, redder, reddest
thin, thinner, thinnest
wet, wetter, wettest
hot, hotter, hottest
4)多音节词和某些双音节词,以及由一个形容词加ly构成的副词,要在词前加more, most构成比较级和最高级。如:
interesting, more interesting, most interesting
beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful
popular, more popular, most popular
difficult, more difficult, most difficult
helpful, more helpful, most helpful
hopeful, more hopeful, most hopeful
careful, more careful, most careful
careless, more careless, most careless
bored, more bored, most bored
boring, more boring, most boring
tired, more tired, most tired
tiring, more tiring, most tiring
amazing, more amazing, most amazing
amazed, more amazed, most amazed
famous, more famous, most famous
serious, more serious, most serious
crowded, more crowded, most crowded
busily, more busily, most busily
Happily, more happily, most happily
carefully, more carefully, most carefully
5)不规则变化:
good/ well, better, best;
bad/ badly, worse, worst;
many/ much, more, most;
little, less, least;
far, farther/ further, farthest/ furthest;
old, older/ elder, oldest/ eldest。
6) fun, more fun, most fun;
early, earlier, earliest
以ly结尾的adj.:
friendly, friendlier/ more friendly, friendliest/ most friendly
lovely, lovelier, loveliest
lively, livelier, liveliest
lonely, lonelier, loneliest
三.两者作比较。
1)as…as, not as/ so…as,……和……一样。如:
She is as old as me.
她和我年纪一样大。
2)用be different from, be like, look like, be the same as表示。如:
①This book is different from that one.
这本书和那本书不同。
②She is like a flower.
她像一朵花儿。
③The book in the desk is as new as that/ the one on the desk.
桌兜里的这本书和桌上的那本书一样新。
④The book in the desk is different from that/ the one on the desk.
桌兜儿里的这本书和桌上的那本书不一样。
⑤The book in the desk is the same as that/ the one on the desk.
桌兜里的这本书和桌上的那本书一样。
3)用than表达,或根据上下文判断,表示一个比另一个更……,用比较级。如:
I am taller than others. 我比其他人高。
4) 用than表达,或根据上下文判断,表示一个不如另一个,用降级比较。用less加形容词或副词原形表示降级比较。如:
less interesting,不如……有趣
less easy不如……容易
四.三个或三个以上比较, 用最高级。形容词最高级前加the,副词最高级前可不加the。
标志:of all, in my class, in the world, of the three, among等词汇,或根据上下文判断。如:
He is the tallest of all.
他是所有的人里边儿最高的那一个。
Li Mei studies hardest in our class.
李梅在我们班里边学习最努力。
Mr li is the most popular among the students.
李老师在学生中间最受欢迎。
He runs fastest of the three.
他在三个里边是跑的最快的。
五.比较等级的常用句式。(用举例形式说明)
1) Who is older, she or he?
她或者是他谁年纪大?
2) Who is the friendliest, you, she or he?
你、她或者是他谁最友好?
3) He is the younger of the two.
他是两个里边比较年轻的。
也可以说:Of the two, he is the younger.
4) He is older than any other student/ anybody else/ anyone else/ the other students/ the others in his class.
他比他们班里边其他的任何学生都年纪大。
5) The book on the desk is older than that/ the one in the desk.
桌上的这本书的这本书比桌子兜里边儿的这本书旧。
6) The trees here are taller than those/ the ones there.
这儿这些树比那儿那些树高。
7)The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Guangzhou.
北京的天气比广州的天气冷。
8)He is 5 years older than I.
他比我大五岁。
This box is twice bigger than that one.
这只箱子比那只箱子大两倍。
9) The more he eats, the fatter he will be.
吃的越多,他就会越胖。
The + adj./adv.比较级+ 主语+ 谓语,the + adj./adv.比较级+ 主语+ 谓语
10) Zhou Jielun is one of the most popular singers among the youth.
周杰伦是在年轻人中最受欢迎的歌手之一。
11) The Changjiang River is the third longest river in the world.
长江是世界第三长河。
12) Our hometown is more and more beautiful.
我们的家乡越来越美丽。
六. 能修饰比较级的词汇有
any, even, far;
much, rather, still;
a little, a bit, a lot。如:
1. He is much older than me.
他比我大得多。
2. He is a little heavier than before.
他比以前重了一点。
七.1.so … that … 如此……以至于……。当谓语是be时,so后用形容词;当谓语是实义动词时,so后用副词。 如:
1)I'm so exciting that I can't say a word.
我太激动了,以至于我说不出一句话。
2)He wrote so carefully that he got good grades.
他写得如此的认真以至于他得到了好成绩。 2.too … to …太……而不能……。当谓语是be时,too后用形容词;当谓语是实义动词时,too后用副词。 如:
1)He is too young to go to school.
他年纪太小了,以至于不能去上学。
2)He wrote too careless to get good grades.
他写得太不认真,以至于没有得到好成绩。
八.感叹句:How + adj./adv. + 主语+谓语!
当谓语是be时,how后用形容词;当谓语是实义动词时,how后用副词。 如:
1. How beautiful the flower is!
这朵花多美丽呀!
2.How fast he runs!
他跑得多快啊!
九.半系动词后 + adj. (sound, feel, smell, look, seem, taste)
部分动词后+ adj. (become, get, keep, stay, make ab. +adj.,remain等)。如:
1. It sounds great.
听起来很好。
2.You should eat more vegetables to keep healthy.
你应该多吃蔬菜,保持身体健康。
3.She got worried about her son.
她开始担忧她的儿子。
十、interesting和interested 等
使动词经常加ing,或者ed,变成形容词。加ing的经常修饰物;加ed的经常修饰人。 如:
This is an interesting book.
这是一本有趣的书。
I am interested in this book.
我对这本书感兴趣。
这样的词有很多。如:
exciting, excited
surprising, surprised
relaxing, relaxed
amazing, amazed
boring, bored
tiring, tired
moving, moved
touching, touched
十一、adj./adv. + enough to do。当谓语是be时,后用形容词;当谓语是实义动词时,后用副词。 如:
1)He is old enough to go to school.
他足够大可以去上学了。
2)She wrote carefully enough to make her teacher happy.
她写的足够认真使他的老师高兴。
十二.修饰price 用 high, low
修饰population 用large, big, small
修饰temperature 用 high, low
number数字大小用large, big, small
traffic交通拥挤用 busy, heavy
修饰size 用large, big, small
修饰rain 用 heavy, heavily, light, hard
修饰snow用 heavy, heavily, light
修饰ice 用 thick, thin
十三、既是形容词又是副词的词:
well,fast, far, hard, high, late, early
1. (2024·安徽·统考中考真题)In summer, the trees we planted in the school are ________ with green leaves.
A. thick B. soft
C. clear D. light
【答案】A
【解析】句意:夏天,我们在学校里种的树长满了绿叶。
考查形容词辨析。thick茂密的;soft柔软的;clear清楚的;light轻的。根据“In summer, the trees we planted in the school are...with green leaves.”和常识可知,夏天树上叶子很茂密。be thick with“充满……”。故选A。
2. (2024·安徽·统考中考真题)—Your grandpa climbed the hill so ________ that I couldn’t keep up with him.
—He takes exercise every day.
A. quickly B. difficultly
C. patiently D. differently
【答案】A
【解析】句意:——你爷爷爬山太快了,我跟不上他。——他每天都锻炼。
考查副词辨析。quickly快速地;difficultly困难地;patiently耐心地;differently不同地。根据“that I couldn’t keep up with him”可知,爷爷爬山很快,“我”跟不上。故选A。
3. (2024·福建·统考中考真题)—Judy practices her oral English hard every day.
—So she does. She pronounces words ________ than before.
Aclearly B. more clearly C. most clearly
【答案】B
【解析】句意:——朱迪每天努力练习英语口语。——是的。她说话比以前更清楚了。
考查副词比较级。根据“than before”可知,此处应使用副词比较级,故选B。
4. (2024·福建·统考中考真题)David is really ________ after the 1000-meter race, so he has to take a rest.
A. worried B. bored C. tired
【答案】C
【解析】句意:大卫跑完1000米后真的很累,所以他必须休息一下。
考查形容词辨析。worried担心的;bored无聊的;tired累的。根据“David is really ... after the 1000-meter race”可知,跑完1000米应该很累,故选C。
5. (2024·福建·统考中考真题)After a two-hour discussion, they ________ came to an agreement.
A. greatly B. finally C. specially
【答案】B
【解析】句意:经过两个小时的讨论,他们终于达成了协议。
考查副词辨析。greatly极大地;finally最终;specially专门地。根据“After a two-hour discussion, they ... came to an agreement.”可知,经过两个小时的讨论终于达成了协议。故选B。
6. (2024·甘肃白银·中考真题)________ but surely we’re making progress. Every small step forward brings us closer to our dream.
A. Happily B. Carefully
C. Slowly D. Lively
【答案】C
【解析】句意:我们正在缓慢而坚定地取得进展。前进的每一小步都让我们离梦想更近了一步。
考查副词辨析。Happily高兴地;Carefully小心地;Slowly缓慢地;Lively活泼的。根据“Every small step forward”可知,前进的步子是小的,是缓慢的,但是却坚定地在取得进展,故此处是缓慢而坚定地。故选C。
7. (2024·甘肃白银·中考真题)The road is very ________ after the heavy rain. Drivers are warned to drive carefully to avoid accidents.
A. empty B. dangerous
C. beautiful D. dirty
【答案】B
【解析】句意:大雨过后,这条路很危险。司机被警告要小心驾驶,以免发生事故。
考查形容词辨析。empty空的;dangerous危险的;beautiful美丽的;dirty脏的。根据“Drivers are warned to drive carefully to avoid accidents.”可知,司机要小心驾驶,所以是危险的,故选B。
8. (2024·甘肃省临夏州·中考真题)—Lisa, would you like to come to my birthday party next Saturday?
—I’d love to, but I’m not ________. I’m busy preparing for the test.
A. available B. enjoyable C. believable D. comfortable
【答案】A
【解析】句意:——丽莎,你愿意下周六来参加我的生日派对吗?——我很想去,但是我没空。我正忙着准备考试。考查形容词辨析。available有空的;enjoyable令人愉快的;believable可信的;comfortable舒服的。根据“I’m busy preparing for the test”可知,说话人正忙着准备考试,所以没空,故选A。
9. (2024·甘肃省临夏州·中考真题)Qomolangma is _________ mountain in the world.
A. high B. higher
C. highest D. the highest
【答案】D
【解析】句意:珠穆朗玛峰是世界上最高的山。
考查形容词最高级。根据“in the world.”可知,此处要用最高级,最高级前要加定冠词the。故选D。
10.(2024·甘肃省临夏州·中考真题)Science and technology are developing ________ in our country.
A. directly B. quickly
C. seriously D. silently
【答案】B
【解析】句意:我国的科学技术发展很快。
考查副词辨析。directly直接地;quickly快速地;seriously严肃地;silently沉默地。根据“Science and technology are developing”可知,此处是指是科学技术的发展很快,故选B。
11. (2024·甘肃省平凉市·中考真题)________ but surely we’re making progress. Every small step forward brings us closer to our dream.
A. Happily B. Carefully
C. Slowly D. Lively
【答案】C
【解析】句意:我们正在缓慢而坚定地取得进展。前进的每一小步都让我们离梦想更近了一步。
考查副词辨析。Happily高兴地;Carefully小心地;Slowly缓慢地;Lively活泼的。根据“Every small step forward”可知,前进的步子是小的,是缓慢的,但是却坚定地在取得进展,故此处是缓慢而坚定地。故选C。
12. (2024·甘肃省平凉市·中考真题)The road is very ________ after the heavy rain. Drivers are warned to drive carefully to avoid accidents.
A. empty B. dangerous
C. beautiful D. dirty
【答案】B
【解析】句意:大雨过后,这条路很危险。司机被警告要小心驾驶,以免发生事故。
考查形容词辨析。empty空的;dangerous危险的;beautiful美丽的;dirty脏的。根据“Drivers are warned to drive carefully to avoid accidents.”可知,司机要小心驾驶,所以是危险的,故选B。
13. (2024·广西·统考中考真题)Put on more clothes. It is ________ outside in winter.
A. hot B. cold C. warm
【答案】B
【解析】句意:多穿点衣服。冬天外面很冷。
考查形容词辨析。hot热的;cold冷的;warm温暖的。根据“Put on more clothes. It is ... outside in winter.”可知,多穿衣服,因为外面很冷,故选B。
14. (2024·河北·统考中考真题)Jianshe Road is the ________ road in our city, especially around 8:00 am.
A. busier B. busiest
C. wider D. widest
【答案】B
【解析】句意:建设路是我市最繁忙的道路,尤其是早上8点左右。
考查形容词辨析及最高级。busier更忙碌的;busiest最忙碌的;wider更宽的;widest最宽的。根据“especially around 8:00 am.”可知,此处指早上8点左右的建设路非常繁忙;此处是“the+形容词最高级+比较范围(in our city)”,故用最高级。故选B。
15. (2024·黑龙江龙东地区·中考真题)It makes me ________ to watch National Women’s Volleyball Team’s matches.
A. feel exciting B. to feel excited C. feel excited
【答案】C
【解析】句意:看国家女排的比赛让我很兴奋。
考查动词短语和形容词辨析。动词短语make sb do sth表示“让某人做某事”,排除B;excited感到兴奋的,修饰人;exciting兴奋的,修饰物,此处修饰人。故选C。
16. (2024·黑龙江龙东地区·中考真题)Li Lei is the ________ of the three boys. He always helps us.
A friendly B. more friendly C. most friendly
【答案】C
【解析】句意:李磊是三个男孩里最友好的。他总是帮助我们。
考查形容词最高级。根据“of the three boys.”可知此处是三个男孩里比较,用形容词最高级。故选C。
17. (2024·黑龙江龙东地区·中考真题)Hainan is famous ________ its beautiful beaches. Many tourists visit it every year.
A. for B. to C. as
【答案】A
【解析】句意:海南以其美丽的海滩而闻名。每年都有许多游客到访。
考查形容词短语。be famous for因……而闻名;be famous as作为……而有名。根据“Hainan is famous ... its beautiful beaches”可知海南以海滩闻名。故选A。
18. (2024·黑龙江龙东地区·中考真题)Traditional Chinese medicine works ________. More and more people believe it.
A. good B. well C. badly
【答案】B
【解析】句意:传统中药效果很好。越来越多的人相信它。
考查词汇辨析。good好的,形容词;well好地,副词;badly差地,副词。根据“More and more people believe it.”可知,传统中药效果好,此处应用副词well修饰动词works。故选B。
19. (2024·黑龙江绥化·中考真题)I could ________ understand what he was saying because it’s ________ to follow a quick speaker.
A. hard; hardly B. hard; hard C. hardly; hard
【答案】C
【解析】句意:我几乎听不懂他在说什么,因为很难听懂一个说话很快的人的话。
考查词义辨析。hardly几乎不;hard困难的。根据“I could … understand what he was saying because it’s … to follow a quick speaker”可知,说话快几乎听不懂,第一空填hardly。第二空在is后,应填形容词hard作表语,故选C。
20. (2024·黑龙江绥化·中考真题)An ________ boy, Li Wen, works hard and gets good grades in his final exam.
A. eighteen-year-olds B. eighteen-year-old C. eighteen years old
【答案】B
【解析】句意:一个十八岁的男孩李文学习很努力,在期末考试中取得好成绩。
考查形容词用法。此空修饰名词boy,用“数词-可数名词单数-形容词”作定语。故选B。